Domestic violence in mature women in the United Kingdom A review of the literature

Abstract Domestic violence (DV) impacts considerably on the long-term health and emotional wellbeing of affected individuals. Although the literature offers some insight into the span and nature of domestic abuse amongst the mature population in the UK, at present there is little obtainable data concerning DV in mature women specifically. This gap in knowledge is increasingly being recognised as a major shortfall in knowledge and understanding in society, especially for those responsible for the support and care of victims. Although the research in this area is limited, the work already done to date suggests that matured women’s experiences of DV are markedly different from those experienced by younger people and that these differences have not been sufficiently acknowledged. For example, mature women have different barriers that stop them reporting abuse, such as physical limitations due to older age. As the ageing population in the UK increases, national policy initiatives have started to recognise DV as a national issue for mature women. It is essential that healthcare professionals are able to identify DV and understand the exact experiences and needs of mature women that are affected by DV in order to prevent future incidents and better empower women in violent relationships. The aim of this literature review therefore is threefold: (a) to present a complete review of the impact of DV on matured women mainly within the framework of health, (b) to explore particular barriers in recognizing and reporting DV and (c) to emphasize the gaps in our awareness and understanding from a policy and care provision viewpoint. A systematic approach to a review of the literature was used to identify key literature and available evidence relating to DV among mature women. Introduction The Department of Health (2000) has defined DV as â€Å"a continuum of behaviour ranging from verbal abuse, through coercion and bullying, controlling behaviour, physical and sexual attack, to rape and even killing.†DV can take many forms. The most common of these include physical, sexual, verbal and financial abuse (Women’s Aid, 2007). Physical abuse typically involves any kind of physical harm such as pushing, kicking or the use of a weapon against another individual. Sexual abuse includes using force or threats to pressure a partner into unwanted sexual acts, whilst verbal abuse includes more psychological elements such as persistently attacking a partner’s self esteem through name calling. Financial abuse usually involves withholding money from a partner or forcibly taking over a partner’s assets or financial accounts (Women’s Aid, 2007). In 2012, 1.2 million women suffered from DV (Home Office, 2013). However, fewer than 1 in 4 individuals who suffer from DV will report this (Home Office, 2013) and therefore the estimation of DV in the UK is likely to be grossly underestimated. Thirty-one percent of the funding to DV charities from local authorities was cut between 2010/11 to 2011/12, a reduction from ?7.8 million to ?5.4 million (data obtained using Freedom of Information Act requests by the False Economy project, and analysed by the research team). The National Violence against Women Survey (NVAWS) states that about 1.5 million women are raped or physically assaulted by an intimate partner yearly (Tjaden & Thoennes, 2000). The Bureau of Justice Statistics Crime Data Brief, which measured only physical assaults, concluded that â€Å"there were 691,710 nonfatal violent victimizations committed by current or former spouses, boyfriends, or girlfriends against victims during 2001(Rennison, and Planty, 2003). Of these c ases, 85% were against women (Rennison and Planty, 2003). The NVAWS also found that 22.1% of women surveyed, compared to 7.4 percent of men, and reported being physically assaulted by a current or former partner in their lifetime (Rennison and Planty, 2003). In the United Kingdom, national policy has started to identify DV as a concern for mature women. Subsequently, the Government has put policies in place so that healthcare and social professionals are able to identify cases of DV. For example, funding of nearly ?40 million has been allocated to specialist support services and help-lines until 2015 and the piloting of a domestic violence disclosure scheme that gives individuals the right to ask about any violent criminal offences carried out by a new partner (Home Office, 2013). An estimated 27,900 women have had to be turned away by the first refuge service that they approached in the last year because there was no space, according to new figures from Women’s Aid (2012). These figures demonstrate that services are under some strain to deal with the large amount of DV cases in the UK. Prolonged episodes of DV can result in the development of mental health problems such as depression, panic attacks and mental breakdown (Roberts et al., 1998; Astbury et al., 2000). . Women often find it difficult and challenging to communicate about the psychological abuse they suffer during DV and often prefer to suffer in silence than complain about it (Home Office, 2013). This may have resulted in creating a barrier to finding data on mature victims of domestic violence. Abused women are three and a half times more likely to be suicidal than non-abused women (Golding, 1999). Furthermore, the World Health Organization (WHO, 2005) indicates that domestic violence puts women at risk from a range of negative health outcomes such as physical injury, mental health problems, sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV and AIDS, unwanted pregnancies, depression, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, emotional distress, fatigue, sleeping and eating disorders and general fear. There are a wide range of social factors thought to contribute the high occurrence of DV against women in the UK. These factors include some religious and political practices that undermine women (Walker, 1999). Factors such as financial hardship. a lack of resources, educational shortcomings, extreme alcohol consumption, high levels of jealousy, belonging to a large family and substance abuse have also all been linked with the rising risk of domestic violence (Martin et al., 1999). Furthermore, in comparison to their younger female counterparts, mature women may have a limited understanding of the term abuse as a result of their older generation (Zink et al., 2003). For example, DV may have not been considered as a criminal offence when they were growing up and feminist movements were generally unheard of. Despite figures showing that DV against mature women is rising considerably the UK, the government is considering serious funding cuts for crime prevention programs as well as staff cutting plans including over 50, 000 job cuts in the ‘National Health Service’ (NHS) over the next 10 year period (Scripps, 2013). In light of these cuts, this research aims to study the relationship between DV and the prevention programs that have been designed to tackle this crime. In particular, a counsellors’ perspective will be adopted and the challenged that counsellors face in the light of budget constraints will also be explored. Using an extensive review of the literature, the following sections provide a brief overview of the various aspects pertaining to DV and its psychological influence. The review will conclude with a discussion of government interventions and policy recommendations. This review will evaluate and critique the available literature pertaining to DV including an assessment of the historical evolution of DV as a general concern for mature women, theoretical explanations of DV and consideration of the significance of gender. This underpinning process will be used as a basis for examining the impact of DV against mature women (39 years old and above). It will also look at the value and effectiveness of current resources, initiatives, and support networks used to tackle DV and assist victims. This review will illustrate that DV in mature women is a complex and multifaceted subject. Definition of Terms For the purpose of this review, the following terms shall be defined as follows: Domestic violence: The term domestic violence is defined as a physical type of abuse carried out by an individual directly towards their significant other previously or currently, through the use of violence. The intent of the abuse is to somewhat establish and maintain a sense of dominion and control over another person, and is depicted in a context of uneven authority or entitlement. This therefore increases the likelihood of inflicting harm to both the physical and emotional welfare of that individual. Well-being: According to Ryan and Deci (2001), the term ‘well-being’ refers to the full spectrum of people’s emotional experiences and to their quality of life. Mature women: Mature women would be defined as those persons aged 39 years and above. Health: This is a state of physical and mental well-being, and thus not necessarily means the absence of symptoms, illness and morbidity (WHO, 2004b). Quality of life: This is an ‘individuals’ understanding of his or her status in life, in relation to the culture and value system of society, viewed against their personal goals, standard, and expectations in life (The WHOQOL Group, 1995). Qualitative Study: Qualitative studies are exploratory and are particularly well suited to social research. Cresswell (1998) defines a qualitative study as â€Å"an inquiry process of understanding a social or human problem, based on building a complex, holistic picture, formed with words, reporting detailed views of informants conducted in a natural setting.† Typical data gathering tools employed in a qualitative research design include observation, interviews, video documentaries, and focus groups. Quantitative Study: Quantitative studies measure information in numbers using a set of pre-defined variables as the focus of the study. Using the definition given by Cresswell (1998), it â€Å"is an inquiry into a social or human problem, based on testing a theory composed of variables, measured with numbers, and analyzed with statistical procedures, in order to determine whether the predictive generalizations of the theory holds true.† Data collection methods typically include questionnaires, standardized tests and codified forms. Scope and Objectives The main objective of this research was to increase awareness of DV against mature women and to improve the standard and efficacy of the care that is provided to the victims. The researcher’s experience in looking after this group of victims has been challenging and may have been much improved if their experiences and needs were better understood. This piece of research aimed to: Carry out a literature review of DV in mature women. Identify how the government and society in general support victims of domestic violence in recovery. Identify the counsellor’s role while caring for victims of DV. To provide an opportunity for mature women to speak of their experiences in order to highlight their experiences and to develop resources to support and inform mature women (Mears, 2002). To explore the prevalence of physical and verbal abuse among the study population (Mouton at el, 2004). This research will use a positivist approach, focusing on the dilemma a mature victim of DV often faces and the importance of the therapeutic relationship they hold with their counsellor. This approach focuses on gaining â€Å"positive† evidence from observable experience, rather than depending on intuition or assumptions on behalf of researchers. In particular, this approach believes that there are general patterns of cause-and-effect and that these can be used to predict natural phenomena such as DV. Research Methodology This dissertation will use review the literature and contain analysis of secondary data and the summarising of the literature’s findings on the topic of DV in mature women. Procedure This piece of research used a literature review to gather data on the topic of DV amongst mature women in the UK and beyond. The following key terms and words were used in various academic search engines including Web of Knowledge (http://wok.mimas.ac.uk/), Science Direct (www.sciencedirect.com) and PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed): Domestic violence AND mature women. Domestic abuse AND mature women. Domestic violence AND women. Due to a limit in the number of articles generated using these search terms, no exclusionary criteria were applied. Literature review This is a secondary review research project involving an extensive literature review on the topic of DV and its impact and effects on mature women. The material for this review was obtained from peer reviewed psychological and counselling journals, which were accessed through online journal databases such as PUBMED and CINAHL. Governmental reports such as those published by the Department of Health (2000), BACP (2000), World Health Organisation (WHO, 2004) and technical reports from scientific research groups and working papers from social welfare committees were also used within the research. This review adopted the â€Å"best evidence synthesis† method proposed by Franche et al. (2005). This method involves summarizing the literature and drawing up conclusions, based on the balance of evidence. Epidemiology and Economic Impact Domestic violence among mature women is a pressing national problem. As a recent report from the World Health Organisation (WHO, 2004) indicates, domestic violence against mature women has increased five-fold resulting in increased depression, physical ill health, psychological effects and other mental health disorders (Scripps, 2013). In addition to the huge impact DV has on women, there is also a large economic cost. The Centre for Mental Health (2010) has reported an annual loss to the tune of ?30.3 billion due to mental health problems suffered by abused women, with over two thirds of this amount accounting for lost productivity within the workplace. Mental ill health which may be the result of DV has been identified as the primary reason for ‘incapacity benefit payment’ and over 43% of the 2.6 million individuals presently on long-term ‘health-related benefits’ present with psychosocial behavioural disorder as their primary condition (Department of Work and Pensions, 2010). DV can also have a direct negative impact on witnesses. Hewitt (2002) claims that almost 90% of DV occurrences are witnessed either directly or indirectly by children. Furthermore, the British government have stated that women can be distressed by witnessing DV carried out against other women (Hewitt, 2002). The literature also reveals differences in the prevalence of DV between younger and older women. For example, mature women are two to three times more likely to report minor physical attacks such as been pushed grabbed roughly and shoving than men (Tjaden & Thoennes, 1998). It has also been found that women are 7 to 14 times more likely than men to report serious physical attacks of DV that include having been strangled, threatened with weapons or use of weapons (Tjaden & Thoennes, 1998). Barriers to Accessing Care The literature search highlighted a number of key differences between the experiences of younger and mature women when it comes to DV. For example, unlike younger women, older women may be even less aware of the services available to those experiencing DV. For example, Scott et al. (2004) reported that there is a widespread myth among service providers and women themselves that Women’s Aid and other DV services prioritise younger women and younger women with children. Friedman et al. (1992) have postulated that abused mature women volunteer to share their uncertainties and concern to their health practitioners the majority of the time. Those women that do not share their concerns may not do so because of pride or shame. The other reason that mature women do not disclose DV is a fear of being judged by society and this has been challenged during the research as well as shortage of theoretical clarity concerning this matter since the majority of affected women were embarrassed to put across what they are facing and this has made data collection challenging. Zink et al. (2003) investigated the reasons for staying in an abusive relationship in women aged over 55 years. It was found that reasons could be divided into three categories: cohort effects, which included reasons such as lacking education or job skills, period effects such as rejection from help services or difficulty accessing services, and aging effects, which related to the physical limitations that their age can cause. These results suggest that although mature women experience similar barriers to leaving abusive relationships such as a lack of faith in their ability to find employment and support themselves, there are also barriers unique to mature women such as worries regarding their physical strength. Therefore, health workers and counsellors must be privy to these differences in order to improve the level of care and support that mature victims of DV receive. Theoretical Concepts There are a number of different theories that make be used to explain how DV comes about and what motivates its perpetrators.. For example, the social exchange theory (Emerson, 1976) offers a foundation for law enforcement and the prosecution of offenders. Furthermore, this assists in helping to explain how children who observe abuse mostly grow up to be abusers themselves. In contrast, a feminist approach may provide support for interventions targeted at supporting perpetrators to improve their behaviour and helping to empower victims. However, looking at these theories they do not appear to provide an inclusive foundation and a comprehensive approach for dealing with the various underlying outcomes or scope of DV. The more integrated ecological framework theory (see for example, Heise, 1998) is the one that appears to provide the required basis for an inclusive approach. The ecological framework theory has been used to conceptualise DV as a multi-faceted and complex phenomenon tha t has its foundations in a multitude of different factors including those of a situational and socio-cultural foundation (Heise, 1998). Unlike other theories, this theory is not reductionist and acknowledges that DV can be the result of many different factors. Discussion This researcher sought to increase knowledge and understanding regarding DV against older women by allowing older women themselves to speak out about how they define domestic violence; their views about causes, reporting, interventions, and consequences for perpetrators; factors that deter or prevent help-seeking from the justice system and community agencies; and elements of outreach and intervention strategies they see as acceptable and/or desirable. Results and Conclusions: Two important constructs that emerged were Domestic Abuse (DA), which encompasses emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, and Barriers to Help-Seeking (BHS), which appears to be closely related to the experience of victimization. In addition, eleven sub-concepts emerged from the data. Seven of these, Isolation, Jealousy, Intimidation, Protecting Family, Self-Blame, Powerlessness, and Spirituality, appeared to be related to both the experience of DA and BHS. An additional four factors defined as Secrecy, Hopeless ness, Concern for Abuser, and Justice were identified. This review has highlighted that violence amongst mature women has reached endemic proportions in most parts of the world. It also finds that no ethnic, racial, or socio-economic group is resistant from DV. Nonetheless, the review emphasized considerable heterogeneity in methodologies, sampling periods, sample sizes and the population studied. In some studies, ethnicity, age, and socio-economic status were not reliably recorded, resulting in difficulties in comparisons and evaluations. However, it must be emphasised that the WHO multi-country study was a significant effort to amass globally similar statistics by the use of identical study approaches. There were a number of key methodological issues identified in the studies included in this literature review. A key weakness of surveys is that they may not measure the real figures of abused women, especially as some abused women will be unwilling to reveal and report DV against them. In view of problems associated with self-reports, it is likely that results are biased by both over-reporting and under-reporting (Koss, 1993). According to Krauss (2006) DV differs from nation to nation, and occasionally within the same culture. Therefore, there are cultural factors to take into account when comparing research. For example, in Asian cultures women are brought up with the belief that family needs are superior to individual members’ needs (Rydstrom, 2003). Though women from poor countries are possibly most pre-disposed to believe that men have a right to beat their wives, it has been found that women in developing and developed countries can also be inclined to beliefs which vindicate violence against them (Fagan and Browne 1994). Furthermore, there are cultural differences in the societal view of DV. For example, the review has shown that not every woman who suffers abuse identifies themselves as ‘battered’ women (Mahoney 1991). For example, Islamic nations do not view domestic violence a major issue, despite its increasing incidence and serious consequences. Extracts from religious tract s have been improperly used to validate violence against women, although abuse may also be the result because of culture as well as religion (Douki et al. 2003). Nonetheless, power issues and gender (Caetano et al. 2000), rather than race and ethnicity (Anderson 1997), are likely to be more significant in building and preserving male supremacy and the inequality of power between wives and husbands (Harris et al. 2005). Furthermore, various ethnic groupings are frequently distorted into one single class, for example Asians (Mobell et al. 1997). Due to this, statistics collected on violence amongst minority populations are regularly inadequate, thereby preventing meaningful generalizations. Waltermaurer (2005) argues that the choice of measuring and the practice used to establish the occurrence of domestic violence have important bearings on the occurrence rates being reported. The majority of television and film images, as well as the images in magazines, often display images of abused younger women who have children and this may give a false impression that domestic violence is not something that may occur later on in life. This literature review has found that in comparison to younger women, older women throughout their lives have been less aware of all services and treatments readily available for those going through DV. The previous Government legislated in the Crime and Security Act 2010 for the introduction of Domestic Violence Protection Notices (DVPN) and Domestic Violence Protection Orders (DVPOs). On the 30th of June 2012 the domestic violence protection notices and orders (DVPO) were introduced in West Mercia, Wiltshire and Greater Manchester through three p olice forces. The operations will continue for another year while the Home Office works hand in hand to assess the pilot and decide whether or not a permanent change in the law system is required.. The scheme gives victims who might or may have fled their homes the kind of support they may need. There was a gap in protection in DV before the scheme was founded in 2012. Previously, police were unable to charge perpetrators because of lack of evidence and also because the process of granting injunctions to the perpetrators took time. The (DVPO) scheme closes the gap between then and now and gives the police and the magistrate the power to protect a victim after the attack as soon as they possibly can and try to stop the perpetrator form getting in contact with the victim or returning home for up 28 days. Disclosure of being abused itself is insufficient to reduce the risk of adverse mental health outcomes for mature women who have been victims of DV unless the listener’s respon se to the disclosure was repeatedly supportive (Coker et al. 2002). Mature women report key characteristics of helpful encounters with health-care providers as non-judgemental, sympathetic and caring response (Gerbert et al. 1999). Public and private organizations have kept on enhancing their contributions in fighting DV. In the United Kingdom, The Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act (2004) furnishes superior power to police and the courts in dealing with cases of DV and in providing security to victims. Furthermore the British government has recently issued a national domestic violence action plan which sets fourth ambitious goals: – Reduction in the occurrence of domestic violence – Increase in the rate that domestic violence is reported – increase the rate of domestic violence offences that are brought to justice – Ensure victims of domestic violence are satisfactorily protected and supported nationwide – Reduce the number of domestic violence related homicides. The review has shown that despite all Government initiatives towards domestic violence, healthcare agencies are still under-represented (Hague et al., 1996). It was not until the year 2000 that the Department of Health (DoH) started to take steps to implement front-line interventions from health professionals by publishing two documents known as ‘Domestic Violence: A Resource Manual for Health Care Professionals’ and ‘Principles of Conduct for Health Professionals’ (Department of Health, 2000a, 2000b). The aim of these documents was to integrate best practices recommended by the various governing bodies of differing health professionals. This documentation aims to provide guidance for healthcare professionals in their practice and daily interactions with women experiencing DV. After the publication of these documents, DV was seen for the first time as a health care issue as opposed to a mainly social care problem. The police and the criminal justice system cannot address the issue of domestic violence alone. The cost of protection for those women who experience domestic violence is of such a scale that it should be considered a major public health issue (Department of Health, 2000a: 2). Validity and Reliability As most of the literature referred to in this research was phenomenological, there are some key methodological limitations. For example, phenenological research is often open to interpretation. In particular, the same words may have different meanings for different people (Beck, 1994). This may be of particular importance for the topic of DV as some women who are included as participants may report that they are abused but may not attach the same negative connotations that the researchers do. The most reliable estimates of the extent of domestic violence in England and Wales come from the Crime Survey of England and Wales (CSEW; formerly known as the British Crime Survey). The CSEW asks people about their experience as victims. Being a household survey, it picks up more crime than the official police figures, as not all crimes are reported to the police, let alone recorded by them. Two sets of figures are available from the CSEW: the first, collected from the survey’s inceptio n in 1981, come from the results of face-to-face interviews; the second, available from 2004/05, come from confidential self-completion modules, which respondents complete in private by responding to questions on a computer. The unwillingness of respondents to reveal experience of domestic violence to an interviewer means that the first measure significantly underestimates the extent of domestic violence. Conclusion The high occurrence ofDV experienced by mature women suggests that doctors and other healthcare professionals working in all areas of medicine must identify and explore the potential significance of DV when considering reasons why mature women present with ill health. The issue of DV against mature women should be integrated into medical training, therapist training and also into governmental policy. Heterogeneity within the methodology of the different studies discussed in this review has highlighted the significance of developing stronger definitions to improve coherence across findings during a literature search. Future research work must try to recognize cultural differences when working with families and women of ethnic minorities. Contrary to previous assumptions that mature women may consider DV as acceptable, results of a study found that mature women were able to identify abuse and actions seen as abusive, which demonstrates suggesting that care workers may be misinterpreting victims’ feelings. The study also demonstrates how the attitude of mature women has been altered over time, from something acceptable to something that must be dealt with. Society must stop viewing domestic violence against mature women as a problem which only affects women, as the issue is overall a public health issue. All forms of violence against mature women are abhorrent and support for those who have been abused in any form should be readily available. We need a clear and decisive answer for calls for help from the health sector, in collaboration with women’s organizations and other related public powers. As observed by Hamberger et al. (1992), future research is essential in order to help determine the reason behind some re-occurring factors that are prevalent in contributing toward cases of DV against mature women. A collective societal intervention is necessary to address the social determinants of DV. Counsellors, as frontline care providers, have an essential role to play in controlling the negative impacts of DV amongst mature women. Counsellors can be proactive in their approach and target vulnerable individuals and groups based on initial assessment or treatment programs. Counsellors and healthcare providers should effectively liaise with various governmental and non governmental agencies that participate in delivering individual treatment plans for mature victims of DV.By improving the coordination between these participating agencies and the women that need intervention, healthcare providers can promote greater access to and utilization of these services. Future Work The researcher discovered that there is not much data available on the topic of DV in mature women from previous researchers. In future the researcher will conduct research herself when qualified enough to conduct research using questionnaires and interviews to collect qualitative data. REFERENCES Anderson, K. L. (1997). Gender, status, and domestic violence: an integration of feminist and family violence approaches. 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Chinese character Essay

Education in its general sense is a form of learning in which the knowledge, skills, and habits of a group of people are transferred from one generation to the next through teaching, training, or research. Education frequently takes place under the guidance of others, but may also be autodidactic.[1] Any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts may be considered educational. There are three forms of learning. formal education, informal education and non-formal education. Systems of schooling involve institutionalized teaching and learning in relation to a curriculum, which itself is established according to a predetermined purpose of the schools in the system. Schools systems are sometimes also based on religions, giving them different curricula. In formal education, a curriculum is the set of courses and their content offered at a school or university. The term preschool refers to a school for children who are not old enough to attend kindergarten. It is a nursery school. Preschool education is important because it can give a child the edge in a competitive world and education climate. Public primary schools are divided into two categories based on the medium of instruction: †¢ Malay-medium National Schools (Sekolah Kebangsaan, SK) †¢ non-Malay-medium National-type Schools (Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan, SJK), also known as â€Å"vernacular schools†,[7] further divided into o National-type School (Chinese) (Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan (Cina), SJK(C)), Mandarin-medium and simplified Chinese writing o National-type School (Tamil) (Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan (Tamil), SJK (T)), Tamil-medium All schools admit students regardless of racial and language background. Malay and English are compulsory subjects in all schools. All schools use the same syllabus for non-language subjects regardless of the medium of instruction. The teaching of the Chinese language is compulsory in SJK(C), and Tamil language is compulsory in SJK(T). Additionally, a National School must provide the teaching of Chinese or Tamil language, as well as indigenous languages wherever practical, if the parents of at least 15 pupils in the school request that the particular language to be taught. High-speed rail is a type of rail transport that operates significantly faster than traditional rail traffic, using an integrated system of  specialized rolling stock and dedicated tracks. The first such system began operations in Japan in 1964 and was widely known as the bullet train. High-speed trains normally operate on standard gauge tracks of continuously welded rail on grade separated right-of-way that incorporates a large turning radius in its design.

Examine critically the most important methods of regulating a Essay

Examine critically the most important methods of regulating a financial market which is essential for raising finance by public and private entities - Essay Example Either these evolutionary trends are being witness in other European states. For instance, the euro zone area has been put under the supervision of European Central Bank while domestic agencies have been mandated to oversee banks and other financial supervision tasks (Blinder, 1998). Many scholars have argued that, it is imperative to regulate financial markets because of the influence they have on the whole economy. Because of this, different theoretical motivations supporting the need for stringent regulation of financial intermediaries and banks have been advance. (Valdez, 2006) argue that financial market regulation it is imperative in the process of pursuing microeconomic and macroeconomic stability of a nation. Such stability is associated to macro controls, which can translate to securities settlement systems, clearing houses and financial exchanges (Allen and Gale 1998).2 Financial regulation is important in fostering transparency in the financial market and intermediaries hence ensuring investors are protected. Ultimately, financial regulation is important in promoting and safeguarding of competition that is inevitable in the financial markets just like any other market. Financial markets form an integral part of the sources from which both private and public companies raise their capital to finance their activities. However, the legal framework regulating financial markets and intermediaries stipulate the various procedures and requirements that both the public and private companies should comply with in order to be allowed to raise finance from the financial markets (Frase, 2011). The major two provisions of this Act regulating public companies relates to the authority of directors in allotting company shares and the pre-emption rights disapplication.3 These key provisions require that shareholders pass an ordinary resolution granting the directors authority to issue and allot shares.

Battle of the Bands Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Battle of the Bands Discussion - Essay Example Giovanni Gabrieli was the more outstanding in relation to his composition as compared to Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina. Giovanni Gabrieli was born in Venice in a family of five children. After listening to various tunes from the three composers, he stood out as the most entertaining: To begin with, his focused mostly on composition on a variety of sacred composition as well as sacred instrumental music. His unique style of composition which was Baroque was quickly emulated in other parts of Europe. Listening to one of his Baroque composition entails the use of dynamic and specifically noted instruments. His tunes, for example the sonata pian’ e forte; indicate a higher sense of sonority exploitation giving it a maximum effect as compared to Pierluigi’s tunes. In relation to classical musical composition, Antonio Vilvadi born in 1678 stands out in relation to entertaining tunes and the dynamics of composition as compared Johann Sebastian Bach. To begin with, he is a master of and sacred choral composition. Listening to one of his compositions, â€Å"La Primavera†, various musical dynamics are evident: The first dynamic is ascribed to that fact that this composition sounds innovative. Moreover, this composition also creates a sense of brightness and a unique rhythmic structure hence creating a feeling of harmonic contrast. These features are not evident in Bach’s composition. Romantic musical compositions also attracted large numbers of listeners throughout the world. During the renaissance period, there were two major Romantic musical composers, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig Van Beethoven. However, Mozart’s romantic musical composition stands out more than Beethoven. Listening to one of his symphonies, Symphony No. 25 in G Minor, a romantic composition, a variety of unique features, which are not evident in Beethoven’s romantic composition are: Existence of clarity of various musical instruments as well

LP8-Case Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

LP8-Case Law - Assignment Example However, on its part the court argued that Michael waived his right to stay silent and this was due to his request to consult his probation officer. The main issue on this case was to inquire whether by requesting that he consult his probation officer, Michael’s right under the Fifth Amendment was invoked (Fare v. Michael C. 442 U.S. 707 1979). The court held that since under the criminal justice system attorneys and probation officers are different, then Michael rights were not violated. According to Justice Blackmun, while attorney plays a significant role in the adversarial process, probation officers do not provide equally assistance in the custodial interrogation and thus speaking to the two officers cannot be treated in a similar way. Additionally, the court argued that the minor was aware that he waived his rights. This implied that there was a chance of more interrogation. In my opinion, the police could have allowed the respondent to speak to his probation officer. According to the US Supreme court, any one who exercises his or her right to remain silent should not be punished. Thus, the interrogators were supposed to allow Michael to speak to the probation officer who could then provide more information that could assist the judge and the prosecutors in the trial process. During the case, the court held that it was not a must that the warnings given by the police to the accused use same words as indicated by Miranda opinion. In this case, I support the court’s holding. The case of California v. Prysock case involves a victim who was murdered in 1978. After the killing, a minor was arrested and taken to Tulare County department where he was reminded on his Miranda rights. Despite efforts by the police to retrieve information from the respondent, he declined to talk. This made the police to notify his parents since the

RESEARCH STRATEGY PAPER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

RESEARCH STRATEGY PAPER - Essay Example The things that one will take into consideration as possible solutions to the problem would likewise be presented. Statistics show that there are an alarming number of students who leave school for a variety of reasons. According to Alliance (2007), almost seven thousand students become dropouts every school day. It revealed that if the students who dropped out of the class of 2007 had graduated, the nation’s economy would have benefited from an additional $329 billion in income over their lifetimes. The implications of the students’ dropping out are not realized until it is just too late. It should be emphasized, however, that it is actually never too late to go back. College life poses strategic differences from high school making students totally unprepared for it. There are varieties of factors that scholars and researchers on the topic identify as the reasons why students fail in college. In this regard, this essay aims to determine the rationale behind barriers to collegiate success through an identification of the kinds and sources of information needed to address the problem, and an enumeration of suggested solutions after analyzing the rationale for failure to succeed. The discourse proffered by Taft College (2007) clearly depicted distinct differences in the areas of time, costs, responsibilities, classes, professors and tests with guiding principles stated for each classification. This information can be gathered through relevant secondary sources of scholars and researchers who conducted studies on the subject. Most of the information can be viewed from electronic sources. College education is basically voluntary and more expensive where students learn how to manage their own time. Students are expected to take accountability and responsibility for their academic performance through prioritizing compliance to

Technology and Human Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Technology and Human Resources - Essay Example These laws clearly stipulate that the applicant’s proposal to be included among those being evaluated for placement as front desk position be justly considered without focusing on age or disability; but on similar requirements and qualifications (educational background, skills, work experiences, etc.) noted for the identified position. In no way should be employer disregard the applicant’s intention to apply due to neither age nor disability. Likewise, if the position expressly require escorting visitors to identified departments within the hospital setting, the reasonable accommodation clause addresses any challenging concerns by making sure that despite being confined in a wheelchair, the applicant could, in fact, escort visitors since the hospital has been designed to ensure that â€Å"existing facilities used by employees (are) readily accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities† (U.S. EEOC, n.d., p. 1). Therefore, the applicant’s application should be handled based on qualifications deemed essential in undertaking â€Å"the essential functions of the employment position that such individual holds or desires† (U.S. EEOC, n.d., p. 1) without disregarding the application due to age nor

Criminology - Gangs (MS-13) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Criminology - Gangs (MS-13) - Essay Example However, the stiff affiliation to the group led to the eruption of criminal activities in the American region as the group’s majority members were poor, and executed any criminal act in order to achieve their perceived lifestyles. The perception that the cultural theory influenced the gangs formation emanates from the evidence presented by the video that presents different interviews sourced from the former gang members. It is known that many of the gang members are teenagers while others are as young as eight years old (Siegel & Welsh, 2014). The argument accrued from the information provokes the understanding that the gang embraces the use of criminal ideologies to rob, assassinate, and vandalize properties at the expense of the rival people in the American community (Strippas, 2014). Therefore, the use of the cultural theory is the influential aspect that has led to the rise of illiteracy levels amongst the highly connected criminal organization that has been a menace in the Northern Virginia region amongst other American states (Baumeister & Masicampo, 2010). The Mara Salvatrucha- 13 Gang started in Los-Angeles from the Pico-Union, an organization that comprised Salvadorans who had migrated into America following the Central American civil wars. The 13 numerical sign emanated from the M alphabet, which is the thirteenth alphabet. Arguably, a notorious gangster called Eme initially used the alphabet. It is evident that the social environment influenced a majority of the Salvadorans to embrace the movement as they lived under poor conditions. In the present, the MS-13 Gang’s membership is estimated to comprise a population exceeding 100,000 members who are spread in over 42 states in the U.S.A. The notorious gang is renowned for its use of subculture codes in communication. Further, the gang members bear tattoos on their

Childhood leukemia development and correlation with traffic air Article

Childhood leukemia development and correlation with traffic air pollution - Article Example The study shows that children are more likely to develop leukemia if they live in urban centers. The reason for this is the high levels of pollution in cities. The research goes to show the problems that high pollution levels can create especially with regard to children. This link was established when the researchers found that children living in urban centers with relatively high levels of pollution were at a significantly higher risk for developing cancer. The study has values adjusted for factors which could tamper with the results. However, even after the adjustment, the risks remained high for children living in areas where there was a high level of pollution. This study is certainly a revelation since we often discuss global warming in the context of animals and rising sea levels but there is also a visible and immediate impact of the pollution spread by human activity on the planet. That impact is the negative effect pollution has on our health and the health of our children who are defenseless against it. The government and our civil authorities should do a lot more to stop the situation. They need to ensure that we do not have to suffer the negative consequences of the progress we have made. If we do not do anything about it, the problem would only multiply. At the present, we have little choice in how we can reduce air pollution levels. Of course, we can have Individual actions or even drives coming from small groups aimed at reducing pollution. However, these may never have the impact that government policy changes can. In addition to trying and reducing air pollution levels, more research on the topic is also required. Without the proper scientific data, we may make the wrong conclusions. This was suggested in the research study itself. Additional information and research on the topic is necessary. That would gives us better tools with which we can handle pollution and its impact on our lives. Even now,

Admission letter for Maryland University Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Admission letter for Maryland University - Essay Example Also, working as a Finance Analyst is promising in China because of the support of the government, the society, and all other factors, which is enabling the Chinese finance market to develop in an incredibly fast rate. This is substantiated as many companies involved in Finance have succeeded and captured great profits. With all these said, this is just the beginning of how the finance in China will grow, benefit the economy, and foresee the booming of companies in the future. Thus, I would really like to take this opportunity to hone my passion and skill for Finance as it is a career path that would not only open a lot of opportunities for workers with financial background like me but at the same time provide fulfillment and success to society. To be able to achieve my life-long goal, I have set specific plans to get to it. First, I want to complete the CFA program after I finish my master science degree. I think this would be best for me to be well-equipped and be an asset in schoo l and society. Second, I want to find a job in the U.S in the finance related area not only because the United States has the best finance market in the world but more importantly because work experience in such a perfect market will strengthen my ability to do the finance jobs in a very lucrative market. After gaining some work experience, I will then go to an MBA program which could help improve to serve my countrymen. As for my long term goal, I want to set up my own finance company in China in the future. Knowing the finance market.

The Warehouse Designing Challenge Essay Example for Free

The Warehouse Designing Challenge Essay Warehousing is a critical node in the network of logistics management. Warehousing primarily involves the activities centered on receiving and dispatching materials and supplies coming into and going out of the organization. Other materials such as work-in-progress, consumables and others are also held and managed by the warehouse. Current developments in lean manufacture, just-in-time and other similar inventory reduction approaches have continued to depress inventories and may in deed change the focal point of where the place in which the inventory is held, more likely pushing it back up the chain of supply. In fact, the emphasis has now shifted for warehousing, and now it focuses on; facilitating smooth flow of goods to the clients, meeting the service standards requirement of clients, incorporation of activities such as postponement, which is a value adding activity as away of reducing stock keeping units (SKUs) and the number of product lines in a system as well as raising the dynamism in meeting customer needs (Rushton, Oxley and Phil, 2000). Being a critical and busy part of an organization, there are some issues to do with warehousing that an organization needs to take care of lest the operations of the warehouse malfunction and consequently disrupting the entire supply chain, which normally has a ripple effect on the entire operation of the organization. These issues concern the actual design and management of the general day to day operations of a warehouse. The problem and challenges for the design a resource optimizing warehouse still is a complex task to logistics designers. The strategic issues concerning the design of warehouses are discussed in this paper. Designing a warehouse; Warehouses, distribution centers and stores have to operate as integral component elements within the supply chain. Hence, when setting up these facilities, the key decisions must be determined by overall logistics strategies for cost and service. The following factors have to be considered in setting up the facilities; Product and Market base stability; Long-term projections of how the product range may develop together with long-term market expectations for growth will very much influence on the location and size of a warehouse facility, including the space that should be set aside for potential future expansion. The considerations made in this stage will extend to impact on the organisations perceived needs for flexibility in future, which consequently can influence on the level of technology to be adopted and the type of warehouse to be built. Type of goods to be handled by the warehouse; The goods that an warehouse can handle include finished goods , raw materials spare parts, and work-in-progress in a span of material sizes, types, productive lives and other characteristics that may be set by an organization. The range of units to be handled could be from individual small items to packages, sacks, palletized loads and on up to containers of ISO certification. Special requirement s for humidity and temperature mould most likely have to be met, and all these requirements will have absolute impact on the level of technology to be adopted. Location, type of facility and its size; the specific role of a warehouse in a supply chain together with capacity, the role and location of any other facilities in the in the chain will directly determine or at least influence the size and design capacity as well as the type of operation of a warehouse. The need for inventory reduction, customer base, amount of inventory , overall service level and time compressions in the supply chain should be critically looked into in making decisions concerning location, type and size of a warehouse to be built. Whether the warehouse should be operated by the organization as an own-account or outsourced to a third party to run it is yet another consideration that should be made. Inventory and its location; there rises a question within the supply chain of not only in what locations to hold goods but also what goods and in what quantities to hold (Donald, Waters, 2003). The options that could be available could include distribution centers designed to cater for specific parts of the product range or specific markets, specific geographic areas, or regional centers for distribution of fast moving product lines, and a strategy of holding slower moving lines in the national distribution centers only. Customer base, service levels and product range are the factors that will influence the choice. Choice of unit load; the choice of loads-roll or cage pallets, tot bins, pallets-will have significant weight in determination of the characteristics as well as the nature of the goods passing along a supply chain. This clearly encompasses a wide range of products, pack types and services, and unit quantities (Rushton, et al, 2000). ). This may look like as a routine factor that is less subject to strategic influences and more to operational influences. Within the warehouse however, it can influence the sizing and choice of storage systems as well as handling equipments. Further, in a wider context, it will affect vehicle loading and unloading as well as vehicle utilization and eventually the entire transport operations (Ross, 2004). Warehouse Design Procedure; The basic principle of good warehouse design is to first of all define the overall requirements of the system and by carefully analyzing data, come up with a design that incorporates equipments and methods which most closely match those requirements. However, a n overriding prerequisite exists which is, for whatever level of technology or deign that is adopted for a particular project, a fast, accurate and effective information system to monitor and drive the operations is an end result. The following steps make up the design process; i). Definition of system requirement and design constraints; the design requirements for distribution depot operation or a warehouse after taking into considerations such as likely business developments and potential forecasts for future growth, are likely to constitute; desired service level to be achieved, required throughput and storage capacities, specified facilities such as quality , packaging and others. the constraints in this stage could include but not limited to; time, for instance the facility could be set a date by which it is to be running; financial limits such as limit on cost per unit throughput or capital expenditure, among others. ii). Define, obtain, and analyze data; specifications for the most appropriate location and type of warehouse to be built can be obtained from various sources, for example through conducting a research based on the company’s size, structure and the nature of business it engages in, fairly reliable information can be adduced from the data collected and from this a n effective design of a warehouse developed. A firm can also decide to outsource the warehouse designing professionals who are more likely to develop for it the most resources optimizing warehouse than any other person. Iii). Establish what unit loads that will be used; this will be a decision concerning the appropriate unit loads that are to be adopted, and include stillages, Skid sheets, pallets, tote boxes, roll cage pallets, and garment rails. The choice of unit loads to be handled directly influences the ability t utilizes space efficiently and the choice of equipment. The customers may impose the dispatch unit loads with suppliers imposing the unit loads their material supplies arrive at client’s premises as well. The warehouse designer should therefore put these factors into consideration when designing the most appropriate for the processes to be carried out. Benefits of unit loads include movement minimization, standardization of equipments, material security, as well as minimizing the time it takes to load and unload vehicles. Wooden pallet is the most common unit load (Ross, 2004). iv). Postulate primary methods and operations; the primary processes that will take place in a warehouse, must be established together with how they will be performed. The communication and information requirement should also be determined. Considerations of which systems, paper or paperless, will be used also need to be emphasized, with the kind of warehouse management system in mind. v). Calculate staffing levels; this requirement for operating staff is closely related to the requirements for mobile equipment, and in majority of cases will fallout of the calculations. The staffing costs should enable full costing of the warehouse to be made. vi). Prepare possible sites and building layouts; this encompasses all the component of warehouse processes both inside and outside the building. After this stage comes the final stage whereby the design of the warehouse is turned into a physical facility. Management of Warehouse and information; The broad responsibilities of managing distribution center or warehouse include good control, effective planning, as well as optimum resource use in the drive to achieve the objectives of the operation. The aims of an effective operation includes; meeting the service level requirements; operation that is cost effective; use of resources in an effective and efficient manner, safe operation, meeting the requirements for safety and in work environment; and maintaining the integrity of stock (Rushton, et al, 2000). The operating cost for any individual component in a warehouse mainly depends on the nature of the industry and the nature of the particular warehouse’s operations among other factors. The dominant costs have though been found to be staff and building costs. Two key factors that managers and designers should put more emphasis on are the utilization for building space and proper design and management of systems for picking orders. Conclusion; The adoption of computer based information systems in the management of material supplies, such as just-in-time approach, which have enabled up-to-the–minute information on stock location and availability to be accurately provided, have in a big way challenged the need to have warehouses and holding stock. Even with the deep integration of logistics and production planning, together with accurate techniques for forecasting demand, there will always be a level of mismatch between demand an d supply optimization in many if not all supply chains. Hence warehouses cannot be eliminated from the supply chain. For this reason, the management of warehouses should be done using the highest level of management techniques in all areas of operations. The fist step is to design a warehouse that will effectively optimize the use of available space in the most economic manner possible. Such an initiative will keep the supply chain flowing and hence make an organization to avoid or reduce the operation losses that come with clogging or stalling of supply chains, whose consequences are usually severe. References Donald, C. , Waters J. , Waters, D. (2003). Global logistics and distribution planning: strategies for management (4th ed. ). London: Kogan Page Publishers Ross, D. (2004). Distribution: planning and control : managing in the era of supply chain management (2nd ed. ). MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Rushton, A. , Oxley, J. , Phil, C. (2000). The handbook of logistics and distribution management. VA: Kogan Page Publishers.

Relationship Between Globalization And Fashion Cultural Studies Essay

Relationship Between Globalization And Fashion Cultural Studies Essay With the first articles of clothing begin fashion. In the caves in the Middle Ages, then France, the high heel shoes were a sign that the person who wearing them belonging to aristocratic circles. This type of class affiliation when it comes to fashion can be seen today. Expensive fur coats and leather handbags are symbols of wealth and high fashion, financially inaccessible to medium and lower classes. The creators of the courts throught Europe have the force and made clothes for personal requirements of members of aristocratic circles. As the desire for beautiful, colorful and later grew, grew and the number of creators and the annual production of fashion items. Fashion has been passed on medieval Europe across borders through marriage contracts of the royal family and through retailers. However, it was hard to imagine a variety of fabrics, colors and designs of one part of Europe people at the other end of the continent. Development of fashion starts with chancing style and human trips all around the world. In Western Europe people start to change styles rapidly. In countries, which includes Japan, Turkey, Iran fashion is the same as last ten decades. Reasons are culture and religion. But on the West, globalization and money are reasons for every change in fashion industry. Many towns are recognized as a centers of global fashion because of all events in that towns. Some of them are Pariz, Milano, New York, London. The biggest names like Armani, Gucci made shows and revias in before named cities. London significant global city and it is considered as one of the biggest financial centers of Europe. Historical and cultural contributions maded on the whole of humanity is almost immeasurable, and it is known as a world center of fashion. With New York, Paris and Milano, London dictate the flow of movement in the fashion industry. The famous London Fashion Week is just one in a series of events whose fashion novelties copied the rest of the world. Burberry, Twenty Twelve, Vivienne Westwood, Topshop, Paul Smith, Stella McCartney are just some of the designers and fashion houses that have been heard almost everyone, and came from London. London is a city of casual atmosphere, perfect organization, innumerable cultural resources, but also a city known for great hospitality of its citizens. Globalization, in which the main task is to create a unique world, has a great influence in the creation and dissemination of fashion trends and general fashion. FASHION TRENDS Here are examples of some global trends, trends which are recognized in the whole world. The Converse All-Stars are popular shoes produced by the Converse company. They were produced for the first time it 1917 and were originally intended for the basketball players. The shoes were first popularized by basketball player Charles Hollis Chuck Taylor, and named after him. He became the first athlete whose name was protecting a fashion brand. The Converse All-Stars became very popular after World War II, and started to be produced in many different forms. The shoes became soon a symbol of youthful rebellion and an indispensable part of punk-rock culture. Benetton is a global fashion brand based in Italy. The name comes from the Benetton family, who founded the brand in 1965. Benetton has a network of 6000 outlets in 120 countries. Their range of clothing, footwear, fashion accessories is one of the most popular and best-selling worldwide, the company generates a total turnover of 2 billion euros. Benetton is known for its design, intense colours and is worn by all generations. The global fashion and lifestyle brand Ecko Ltd was established in 1993. by the fashion designer Marc Ecko. Although he started with only 6 ordinary T-shirt and spray paint, today this brand is focused on the global market and commercial success. Marc Ecko footwear combines high fashion and sport ideas into something completely new and original. His logo is a rhinoceros. Bershka is a Spanish brand of the street fashion for young people. It offers them a wide selection of clothes, shoes and accessories. Bershkas collection for girls is more oriented towards punk, rock and dance style. This type of clothes is for people with strong personalities and great courage to experiment with fashion wearing unusual styling. The most famous creations of the popular French fashion house Hermes Birkin has been a subject of desire of all celebrity trendsetters, but for many people it is unattainable. The story of the luxury handbag begins with the name of the British fashion icon, singer and actress Jane Birkin after which it was named. During an airplane flight in 1984 Jane Birkin was sitting next to Dumas, the director of the fashion house Hermes. Birkin placed her straw bag in the overhead compartment of her seat, but the contents of her bag fell to the ground, leaving her to struggle with finding her belongings to put back in her bag. Birkin explained to him that it was difficult to find a leather bag giving him an idea how it should look like. Shortly after that, the described bag arrived at her address with the message of Dumas. Today, the 61-year-old, Jane Birkin admits that The Birking bag become more glorious than herself. The prices of The Birking bag growth as well as the demand for them. The bags can be ordered in various sizes and colours. All The Birking bags are hand made respecting the specific regulations and using only the best quality leather, mostly the lizard skins, crocodiles, ostrich, buffalos, oxen, deer and goats. The metal parts of the purses are always made of gold, silver or other precious metals, a small padlocks and keys are coded and numerical. The Birkin bag is a confirmation of wealth and prestige and a symbol of the luxurious living. It is very popular among the celebrities. Three years ago one bag was sold for a whopping $ 64.800. The Spanish fashion house Zara is a global giant with more than 1600 stores in over 70 countries worldwide. This brand was founded by Spanish tycoon Amancio Ortega in 1975. Their annual earnings are now measured in billions of Euros. Zara produces clothes and shoes, fashion accessories and cosmetics. The owners of this fashion house announced an online shop to be in function soon. Croatia has now 3 Zara fashion houses. The British fashion house Burberry was founded in 1856. Burberry is known for its beige, red and black fabric design and expensive handbags. The company sells as well perfumes, sunglasses and watches. Burberry has currently over 70 shops worldwide. The brand is well-known and popular among British celebrities. The LOrà ©al Group is the worlds largest beauty and cosmetics company with the main office registered in Paris. Concentrating on hair colours, skin care, sun protection, make-up, perfumes and hair care, the company is active in the dermatological and pharmaceutical fields. LOrà ©al currently markets over 500 brands and many thousands of individual products in all sectors of the beauty business: makeup and fragrances, hair colour and hair styling, body and skin care, cleansers. LOrà ©al has five centers worldwide for research and development. LOrà ©als famous advertising slogan is Because I deserve it. FASHION MAGAZINES Fashion magazines are usually published once a month and they follow fashion trends around the world, criticize fashion shows and advertise products related to the world of high fashion. They have a big impact on the creation and expansion of fashion. First fashion magazine was published around 1586 in Frankfurt. The idea of leaflets with pictures appeared to show to one part of the world what was fashionable in another. That were usually one sided flyers with black and white illustrations of dresses or shoes. Later, fashion magazines had been pressed with included painted illustrations of dresses, hats, shoes, etc. That was a way of presenting fashion before photography was invented. With the development of color photography, fashion magazines have become more colorful and attractive. Every year, the creators and designers present their latest creations in fashion magazines. Topics in magazines range from high fashion to the latest make-up, perfumes and fashion bon-ton. World fashion magazines are published in many countries in different languages. This is a list of some fashion magazines aimed at female audiences: Vogue Cosmopolitan Elle Essence Ettelaat-e Banuvan Femina Flare Girlfriends magazine Glamour Harpers Bazaar In Touch Weekly Jane Life and Style Their goal is to affect their readers to choose the latest styles. People and times change so quickly and fashion magazines are becoming increasingly important in todays world of fashion. Something about Vogue magazine: Vogue magazine was launched in 1892 in the United States. It is considered as the most popular magazine in the world. Vogue is widely published fashion and lifestyle magazine, it is published in 18 countries and one region. Every month, announces theme of fashion, design and life. It is famous as a presenter of high fashion and society, it provides reports of a very popular fashion brands such as Dior, Prada, Chanel, Gucci, and its latest trends, but it also provides reports of lifestyle, politics, family, etc. It is so important to promote clothing in fashion magazines because fashion styles are continuously changing and consumers need to be informed. Fashion trends change and globalization is responsible for their rapid spread worldwide.

What Is Professional Competency In Nursing Practice Nursing Essay

What Is Professional Competency In Nursing Practice Nursing Essay Introduction Why is professional competence a fundamental requirement in nursing practice? In satisfying this query, one must reflect on ones functions as a nurse. From this, one can realise the undeniable fact that nurses play a crucial role in the delivery of health care services. The very lives of people are at stake and so one must practice competently. Professional competence is a must in nursing practice. In line with this thought, this essay will explore ones practice of nursing in relation to the Australian Nursing Midwifery Council (ANMC) and the Australian Nursing Federation (ANF) competency standards. This essay will also explore what competence is all about and what it means to be a professionally competent nurse. Main Body The ANMC (2006, p.14) defines competence as the combination of skills, knowledge, attitudes, values and abilities that underpin effective and/or superior performance in a profession or occupational area. Competency in nursing is very well acknowledged and sought by all health care institutions. There is always an inherent desire on the part of health care institutions to determine and improve the competence level of their nurses. In fact, Zuzelo (2009) relate that numerous healthcare institutions are investing time and money into systems that can assess competency of nursing professionals. In highly industrialised nations, competency of nursing professionals is sought after and achieved through competency based approach training (Cowan, Norman Coopamah, 2005). The idea of competence seems to have skills at its core, in particular clinical skills, that is ones essential to best practice (Roberts, 2009). However, skills without knowledge is dangerous, according to Roberts (2009). A pr ofessionally competent nurse does not neglect the important aspect of nursing as a caring profession. Being competent does not only imply that one is very knowledgeable and skilled. It also connotes ones genuine care to patients. It is worthy to declare that caring and competency are not exclusive concepts but are naturally intertwined (Masters, 2005). To be professionally competent is to be properly qualified, capable, adequate for the purpose, and sufficient. As professional nurses, we are competent to practice nursing by virtue of our education and licensure as registered nurses. To be competent however, we must meet additional criteria. The ANMC (2006) competency standards for the registered nurse comprises of 4 domains, namely professional practice, critical thinking and analysis, provision and coordination of care and collaborative and therapeutic practice. From among the sub-classifications of the first domain, what can be considered as most striking in relation to ones practice include the need to practice in accordance with legislation affecting nursing practice and health care as well as the need to practice within a professional and ethical nursing framework (ANMC, 2006). These two sub-classifications are worthy to note because of the fact that moral and legal conflicts often complicate decision making in nursing practice. Nurses are typically confronted with conflicting scenarios which are often both important things to consider. The only dilemma is which of the two must be the top priority. For instance, taking care of a patient who refuses any form of treatment poses a legal dilemma on the part of the nurs e. This is especially true because the ANMC (2006) competency standards direct nurses to recognise and accept the rights of others. On one side, there is the professional desire of the nurse to help the patient by initiating treatment. On the other hand, legal ethics dictate that patients have the right to refuse treatment. In ones personal experience, taking care of a patient whose religion does not allow blood transfusion is a real dilemma. In this particular scenario, the nurse was torn between educating the patient to eventually accept treatment or simply respect the refusal of treatment and just relate to the patient the possible consequences of such refusal. It was clear in the nurses mind that the ANMC (2006) dictates one to accept individuals or groups regardless of race, culture, religion, age, gender, sexual preference, physical or mental state. Furthermore, there is the need to practise in a manner that acknowledges the dignity, culture, values, beliefs and rights of indi viduals or groups (ANMC, 2006). Unfortunately, this is easier said than done especially when one of the above mentioned factors goes against or impedes a crucial treatment that may actually save a patients life. It is true that religious faith is often invoked by patients when their health and wellbeing is threatened. According to Andrews and Boyle (2008) religion is especially crucial to patients during periods of health crisis. Although, adhering to a particular religion is mostly viewed as a positive concept for patients; unfortunately, such adherence does not always result into a positive outcome. It can hinder the patients acceptance to treatment and care. This points out to another important aspect of competence and that is, a deeper understanding of cultural diversity. In line with this, Cherry Jacob (2005) state that health professionals which naturally include nurses, need to respond to the consequences of an increasing cultural diversity of nursing clientele in order to s afeguard the welfare of all health care consumers. Different values and beliefs are adhered to by patients. Community, social and kinship ties, language, religion, food and cultural perceptions of health and wellness are all matters of importance that need to be understood by the nurse when working with culturally diverse patients (Daniels, 2004). Cultural diversity challenges nurses to triumph over cultural gaps with patients by providing culturally appropriate care (Daniels, 2004). Cultural competence is the process whereby a nurse provides care that is suitable to the clients cultural context (Daniels, 2004). In essence, cultural competence is important in the practice of nursing. A nurse is only truly competent if he or she can knowingly handle patients whose entire value system is different from his or her own but still manages to establish and maintain a therapeutic relationship that paves way for effective implementation of nursing actions. Another important issue within the sphere of the first domain of professional practice implies the need to question and/or clarify orders and decisions that are unclear, not understood or questionable (ANMC, 2006). Moreover, there is the necessity to question and/or clarify interventions that appear inappropriate with relevant members of the health care team (ANMC, 2006). In following this directive, a nurse may often hesitate to question the validity of a particular intervention whether it was given by a fellow nurse or by some other health care professional such as a doctor. In ones own practice, hesitation comes from the desire not to create a conflict and bad blood with colleagues and fellow members of the health care team. Unfortunately, in abiding the directive of questioning particular actions of another when deemed inappropriate will more often than not cause some form of disagreement or clash between the professionals. Inter-professional conflicts have been documented since the time of Florence Nightingale (Kalisch Kalisch, 1977 cited in Coombs, 2004). In ones personal experience, the common escape route for this possible conflict is to question an order by way of politely suggesting an alternative which in reality is not an alternative but a recommendation to abolish the questioned order. For example, in questioning a doctors order, the nurse would typically suggest to the doctor the need for the latter to also consider some other assessed patient data with the hope that the doctor will realise that he or she made a mistake instead of directly asking the doctor why he or she prescribed such seemingly inappropriate order. It is an extremely rare scenario where a nurse openly recommends to the doctor to change what the latter has ordered. The subservience of nurses over doctors is a scenario that is very common especially in areas where doctors and nurses are in constant interaction with each other which if pondered upon occurs in almost all areas of a health institution. This particular doctor-nurse type of interaction is referred to as a doctor-nurse game (Stein, 1967 cited in Stein-Parbury, 2008). The doctor-nurse game described over 30 years ago persists in the communication patterns of some doctors and nurses ( Knox Simpson, 2004). In line with this issue, a truly competent nurse knows how to play the game well. He or she is able to question other professionals actions if necessary without causing unhealthy disagreements among them. Effective team behavior operates when health care providers communicate openly and courteously with each other ( Wolf, 2006). The second domain focuses on the implications of researching for evidence based practice (ANMC, 2006). This domain also points out the obligation to participate in ongoing professional development of self and others (ANMC, 2006). In ones own practice of nursing, continuing professional education has always been ones primary goals. It is a way of empowering oneself to be able to keep up with the trends in the practice of nursing. Attending formal and informal lectures and orientations makes one feel more competent. In essence, competence entails seeking out continuing professional education in order to build up a well founded source of knowledge and skills that will be necessary in coping with the dynamic changes in healthcare. Continuing education is intended to ensure health care practitioners knowledge is current (Griscti, 2006). In the advent of modern technology and skyrocketing increase for the demand of high quality care, nurses must be keen in upgrading or at least maintaining the current accepted level of competency required upon them. The high competency required upon nurses is only natural considering the fact that nurses are at the forefront of health care delivery. Nurses who stay abreast of new information and apply evidence-based theory to their practice will be able to provide competent, quality care to their patients (Valloze, 2009). This is the reason why competence is such a crucial issue in the practice of nursing. The salient component of the third domain relates the significance of the nursing process which naturally includes conducting a comprehensive and systematic assessment, planning and implementing safe and effective evidence based nursing care, and then evaluating the expected outcomes (ANMC, 2006). To simply describe it, the nursing process is a problem-solving technique (Carpenito-Moyet, 2007). It is a step by step strategy utilised by a nurse in solving patient problems that come within the scope of nursing practice. In ones own practice of nursing, the tricky part of nursing process is the nursing assessment. Nursing assessment may be defined as the systematic and continuous collection and analysis of information about patients (Rosdahl Kowalski, 2007). It is difficult to confidently say that one has thoroughly assessed a patient. It is because one needs to consider a wide array of factors. There is also the burden to ensure that ones assessment is comprehensive in as much as it b ecomes the basis of nursing and medical interventions. In connection to this, competency in nursing comes when one is able to collect and distinguish which patient information is important and which can be discarded. The care of patients is dependent upon the competency of the nurse is assessing those signs and symptoms that are related to the patients medical condition. For the fourth domain, what is most relevant to ones practice are the need to establish and maintain therapeutic relationship with patients and the necessity to collaborate with other health care professionals in providing comprehensive nursing care (ANMC, 2006). As a nurse, building and sustaining a therapeutic relationship with patients is important. It is the initial step in obtaining patients trust and confidence. Dossey Keegan (2009) declare that it is an important part of nursing care. In an effective therapeutic relationship, patients feel the genuine support of nurses while the nurses feel a certain degree of satisfaction in his or her role (Dossey Keegan, 2009). Initiating a therapeutic relationship with patients is in compliance the ANMC (2006) requirement of undertaking assessments which are sensitive to the needs of individuals or groups. Competency standards in this domain includes that a nurse has the ability to address the physiological, psychological, physical, emot ional and spiritual needs of patients and significant others as well as to optimize the physical and non-physical environment ( Dunn, Lawson Robertson, 2000). A competent nurse always begins his or her interventions by establishing a therapeutic relationship with patients that will increase efficacy of succeeding interventions. The ANF competency standards consist of 3 domains namely conceptualises practice, adapts practice and leads practice (ANF, 2005). As an experienced practitioner, one can meet these competency standards by reflecting on ones own experiences and placing these experiences in correct perspective for future reference. One can learn how to better provide nursing care for a particular scenario by reflecting on previous experiences that are similar to the one currently confronted with. What is required in order to meet the competency standards contained within the first domain is self-reflection. Self-reflection activities are an essential component of expert nursing practice (Dossey Keegan, 2009). This self-reflection; however, must be coupled with formal continuing development or education plus implementation of researches of relevant issues in nursing practice. This is because of the fact that this domain requires use the best available evidence and health and/or nursing models (ANF, 200 5). Research in nursing will help in identifying evidence-based nursing practice (Polit Beck, 2004). For the second domain, one can satisfy the competency standards contained within by being dynamic in finding out possible reliable sources that will support a particular method of rendering nursing care. This is because the second domain directs nurses to draw on a wide repertoire of knowledge and processes to tailor nursing practice in complex and challenging clinical situations (ANF, 2005). Furthermore, as an experienced practitioner, one needs to further upgrade ones technical skills in handling subordinates if any and in abiding by institution policies more strictly. One must also develop how to predict possible scenarios which may result from interventions implemented. The third domain of the ANF competency standards relates the concept of promoting and improving nursing practice through leadership. Definitely, as an experienced practitioner there have been many instances when one has asserted oneself as the leader of the group in order to smoothly direct patient care. For an experienced practitioner to successfully meet the third domain, one must hone ones leadership skills. Honing ones leadership skills does not necessarily mean that one should always act as the team leader. In becoming a leader one must also experience being a member and under the authority of another professionals leadership. The leadership often invoked in this domain is one that solicits active participation of the members. This implies a collaborative leader. Milstead Furlong (2006) state that a collaborative leader is what is most sought in todays health care system. Conclusion To sum up, true professional nursing competence requires accumulation of evidence based knowledge and skills. It also entails understanding cultural diversity and how it affects the kind of care that must be provided. Competence is also equated with genuine care. The ANMC competency standards are crucial in directing the way nurses must think and act. In the same light, the ANF competency standards help experienced nurses to become even better. These competency standards may be idealistic but it is certainly realistic and attainable if only nurses give more of their time reflecting on their own practice and in trying to assimilate through actions these competency standards.

Graduation Speech: Dont Forget Where You Came From -- Graduation Spee

Good afternoon, I would like to begin by thanking the staff for the privilege of speaking before you on this bittersweet day. It seems like this past year has been a jumble of excitement, reminiscence of the past and uncertainty for the future. After dreaming about graduating since we jumped off the bus on the first day of kindergarten, it's finally here. With the years of number two pencils, group projects and final bells behind us, we find ourselves on the threshold of our future. Yet, it's difficult not to timidly glance back at our past and wonder if we are prepared for what lies ahead. Are we ready to face that thing called reality which our parents and teachers have constantly warned us about? I was unsure if I would be prepared to face this world which exists beyond the doors of high school until a recent incident changed my mind. It forced me to put all of my accumulated knowledge from high school to the test in order to survive. I wish I could say this experience happened to me when I was a silly freshman; unfortunately it was only a few months ago. It began with a routine trip to the high school to pick up my brother from a basketball game one cold, January evening. I arrived to find the game was long over, although at the time I didn't know that he had already gotten a ride home. I went looking for him, taking a shortcut fr om the gym through the courtyard. As I stepped into the frigid air, the door quickly clicked shut behind me. I strode briskly across the courtyard to the double doors in the old commons, only to find they wouldn't budge. Remaining calm, I tried the doors next to them and the gym doors; they were also locked. My heart began to race as I tried every door and gate in that courtyard, only to find I wa... ...e world, but also the memories and lessons from each other. Every time we lent our shoulder for somebody to cry on, laughed even when the joke wasn't funny or cheered loudly whether our team was ahead or not, we were teaching each other important lessons. This type of knowledge is just as necessary as math, science and history to carry with you in the future. So, when you step onto your college campus, begin your first day of work or travel the world this fall, be confident in your abilities and intelligence. However, as you drive into your future, remember to check your rearview mirror every so often so you don't forget where you came from. Laugh aloud when you mess up or lock yourself in a dark courtyard, for these experiences will become the lessons and memories which you pack into the trunk of your car to strengthen you as you drive down the road of life.

Drug Abuse Essays -- Substance Abuse Essays

Drug abuse dates as far back as the Biblical era, so it is not a new phenomenon. â€Å"The emotional and social damage and the devastation linked to drugs and their use is immeasurable.† The ripple of subversive and detrimental consequences from alcoholism, drug addictions, and addictive behavior is appalling. Among the long list of effects is lost productivity, anxiety, depression, increased crime rate, probable incarceration, frequent illness, and premature death. The limitless consequences include the destruction to personal development, relationships, and families (Henderson 1-2). â€Å"Understandably, Americans consider drug abuse to be one of the most serious problems† in the fabric of society. And although â€Å"addiction is the result of voluntary drug use, addiction is no longer voluntary behavior, it’s uncontrollable behavior,† says Alan Leshner, director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (Torr 12-13).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Addiction is a progressive, chronic, and ultimately a fatal disease. It is progressive in the sense that if it is left untreated it will get worse. Chronic means long term. Once one becomes dependent, it is like diabetes, in that diabetes is an incurable disease that can only be controlled. Long-term addictions have the high potential to lead to death through overdose, AIDs, suicide, or an accident (Aronson 17). The cycle of addiction tends to follow a pattern.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  People first take drugs for many different reasons. Early on, drug experimentation can stem from curiosity, peer pressure and influence, or because of the environment people live in (Nagle 17). For example, in the East Side of downtown it is apparent that drug dealing and drug usage is prevalent. The police recently arrested 54 individuals from the East Side. Unfortunately it was just one block out of approximately 50 more on that side of town.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Next comes the social use stage. This is the stage where most individuals tend to stop or control their usage. People will try it and occasionally use drugs to â€Å"cut loose†, party, and have a good time, generally if, and only if, everyone else around them is doing it. Otherwise they could either take it or leave it and don’t necessarily seek out illegal drugs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  However, as a tolerance to the substances begins to build and the social group changes from friends in the same peer group to primarily drug users and abusers, that is when the drug... ...er says, that â€Å"eventually, the drugs decrease the person’s ability to experience pleasure without a drug† (Torr 13).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Enfin, one of the most browbeating and frustrating things in the world is the disease of addiction. It is a progressive, chronic, and often fatal disease that takes control of life away from people. However, â€Å"drugs are here to stay, and...we have no choice but to learn how to live with them so that they cause the least possible harm† (Torr 116). Unfortunately, ten percent of all eighth graders and twenty percent of all tenth graders are using marijuana at least once a month (Torr 38). Works Cited Aronson, Virginia. "Junior Drug Awareness." Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 2011. â€Å"Dopamine System May Be the Key to Addiction.† News Briefs. Nature Magazine. May-June 2012. National Drug Strategy Network. Web. 20 Apr. 2015 http://www.ndsn.org/newbriefs.html Henderson, Elizabeth Connell. Understanding Addiction. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2013. Nagle, Jeanne. Everything You Need to Know About Drug Addiction. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, 2012. Torr, James D. Drug Abuse: Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2014.

Date Rape :: essays research papers

The following morning is a dreadful, long one that stays with you forever. The memories in your mind keep crawling up every night when you fall asleep. You keep asking yourself, â€Å"Why did it happen to me? What did I do wrong?† Yet no answer comes to mind, all that you can think of is being violated, being misled for a simple task-rape. Why does it happen to us? What do the men see when the door is opened and a gorgeous women stands in front of their eyes. The mind collapses trying to find a solution to the problem. It's like having an exam and the only way for you to score is to cheat. So all girls are just scores guys try to push themselves upon? The mind grows blank and the human body works with sexual instinct. Date rape is one of those things that one man can't find a proper answer for. There are so many possibilities that one might think of as the cause of the problem. Which one is the right one? Is there one specific answer that is physiologically correct? No. Everyo ne has his or her own opinion, whether it is from experience or from common knowledge. Date rape is mainly cased by the in-proper behavior of the rapist. A man who can rape a woman has obviously been brought up in an uncomfortable, improper raised environment. A young boy who watches violent sex related movies, is most likely to be sexually violent in his life. A child who is not taught from right and wrong is not going to understand what a girl might want out of a date compared to his urges. Men don't necessarily understand that "No" actually means no. Stubbornness works strongly with the mind. A young boy looks up to his father, he wants to be like his father, and act like his father. When the parents ignore their children it causes them to become very free in their decisions; it makes them believe that they can do whatever they please. For example, if a child is being ignored by both o his parents, than they are not around that child when he or she do something wrong. Yet the child doesn’t know that. The child thinks that if no one stops his or her actions than he can do it again. That is how bullies are raised-it leads the mind to more. Date Rape :: essays research papers The following morning is a dreadful, long one that stays with you forever. The memories in your mind keep crawling up every night when you fall asleep. You keep asking yourself, â€Å"Why did it happen to me? What did I do wrong?† Yet no answer comes to mind, all that you can think of is being violated, being misled for a simple task-rape. Why does it happen to us? What do the men see when the door is opened and a gorgeous women stands in front of their eyes. The mind collapses trying to find a solution to the problem. It's like having an exam and the only way for you to score is to cheat. So all girls are just scores guys try to push themselves upon? The mind grows blank and the human body works with sexual instinct. Date rape is one of those things that one man can't find a proper answer for. There are so many possibilities that one might think of as the cause of the problem. Which one is the right one? Is there one specific answer that is physiologically correct? No. Everyo ne has his or her own opinion, whether it is from experience or from common knowledge. Date rape is mainly cased by the in-proper behavior of the rapist. A man who can rape a woman has obviously been brought up in an uncomfortable, improper raised environment. A young boy who watches violent sex related movies, is most likely to be sexually violent in his life. A child who is not taught from right and wrong is not going to understand what a girl might want out of a date compared to his urges. Men don't necessarily understand that "No" actually means no. Stubbornness works strongly with the mind. A young boy looks up to his father, he wants to be like his father, and act like his father. When the parents ignore their children it causes them to become very free in their decisions; it makes them believe that they can do whatever they please. For example, if a child is being ignored by both o his parents, than they are not around that child when he or she do something wrong. Yet the child doesn’t know that. The child thinks that if no one stops his or her actions than he can do it again. That is how bullies are raised-it leads the mind to more.